Why fisheries are such a difficult part of Brexit
“I’m sure it must be (published somewhere) but I don’t know where,” was the answer I got from an insider in one of the UK fisheries organisations in response to an email, asking where the “relative stability keys” could be found. European Union regulation is normally published but the 1983 “keys” – the percentage, EU member states get of the annual fishing quotas – were never published. Nor were the Hague Preferences, another important element in the EU common fisheries policy. Both elements were negotiated after the UK became a member of the European cooperation.
The “relative stability keys” exist only within the EU software used to allocate the annual total allowable catches. The Hague Preferences are used to increase the “keys’” allocation to the UK and Ireland. The catches change from year to year but the percentage each country gets of the different stocks, remains the same. That is the relative stability part of the EU fisheries policy.
All of this helps to explain why the UK has had so little luck in renegotiating fisheries as part of Brexit. As the Irish say, “there is a story behind it.”
The story goes back to the 1957 Treaty of Rome, where fisheries was only mentioned once. On June 30 1970, two significant steps in the making of a common fisheries policy were taken: four nations – the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway – formally started accession negotiations with the European Communities, EC – and the six EC countries agreed on a legal basis for its fisheries policy.
The legal basis is found in two regulations, Regulation (EEC) no 2141/70 and Regulation (EEC) no 2142/70, respectively “a common structural policy for the fishing industry” stipulating “equal access… to fishing grounds in maritime waters coming under the sovereignty or within the jurisdiction of Member States” – and “the common organisation in the market in fishery product.”
Thus, when the UK, Ireland and Denmark joined the EC in 1973, the outlines of a common fisheries policy were already in place.
Fisheries were a major international topic in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1975, Iceland became the first European country to extend its fishery limits to 200 miles. Iceland’s unilateral move was inspired by a growing international consensus on 200 miles at the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, UNCLOS III, from 1973 to 1982, expressed in the 1982 Law of the Sea Treaty.
The UK opposed the 200-mile principle. After the third Cod War in the fishing waters around Iceland, where Icelandic coast guard boats faced British battle ships, the two nations, under pressure from Nato, settled the dispute in June 1976. In July that year, the EC agreed on a 200-mile fishing limit for the Community, i.e. also for the UK. – The UK not only lost its fight against the 200 miles but did not seem to have a strategy if it would lose.
With the EC 200-mile fishing limit and the principle of “equal access” established, the EC now needed to find a way to allocate annually the total allowable catches in the Community’s fishing waters.
The published part of the Hague Resolution in November 1976 signalled that the EC would seek agreements on access to fishing both in fishing zones of third countries and member states. The seven unpublished annexes acknowledged that with historic catches as the main parameter for quota allocation, particular consideration should be given to Ireland and to regions where fisheries were of vital importance. The UK was not mentioned but the intention was partly to make up to the UK the loss of Icelandic waters. The unpublished annexes, partly published in a 1998 ruling by the European Court of Justice, came to be known as the Hague Preferences.
The British fishing industry had insisted on a 50-mile exclusive fishing zone from where the UK would be able to expel foreign fishermen. Again, the UK was on the wrong side of the EC consensus: using historic catches as reference for allocating catches won over the British idea of an exclusive zone. The UK could not expel foreign fishermen from its waters as it had been expelled from Icelandic waters.
In January 1983, the EC had finally agreed on the principle for annual quota allocations: each fishing nation would get the same percentage of the annual allowable catches, according to a principle of “relative stability.” The tool was the so-called “relative stability keys,” i.e. the percentage each country would get of catches in the various fishing zones. The “keys” were based on catches in 1973 to 1978.
The “keys” from 1983 have never been published, but they are still used every year to allocate quotas. The Hague Preferences can be used to increase the share of the UK and Ireland, which means that other member states get less.
A Defra report from 2018, Sustainable Fisheries for Future Generations, outlines British fisheries policy for post-Brexit Britain. Without explaining the origin of the relative stability, the report states that the EU fisheries policy has been “a poor deal for the UK,” as it “does not accurately reflect the quantity of fish within the UK’s Exclusive Economic Zone,” but is “based on historical fishing patterns in 1973 – 1978. This is unrepresentative of the fish now in UK waters.”
The Defra report only mentions the Hague Preferences in a footnote, pointing out that for a certain fishing zone, the “relative stability key” is 18% but the Hague Preferences increase it to 35%, without mentioning that the Preferences are only ever used to increase the UK and the Irish quota.
The British government is entirely right that quotas can be allocated in many different ways. The principle of “relative stability” may well be unrepresentative of present stocks; after all, the principle is based on catches in the 1970s, not present stock.
Nothing lasts forever and certainly changes of the European fisheries policy have frequently been discussed, inter alia because it favours the UK and Ireland. But any British Brexit-proposal on fisheries is up against the system of “relative stability” that has served the EU well enough for 37 years and, ironically, favoured the UK.
*This blog is a short version of the longer blog below: The old saga of “relative stability” and why fisheries are such a Brexit obstacle
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5 Tiêu Chí Đánh Giá Nhà Cái Uy Tín
Game tuyệt vời: Được tạo ra bởi các đơn vị phát triển uy tín nhất, đảm nhận kết quả chơi không lường trước được và không tồn tại sự tác động.
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Nếu bạn đang có các một số thắc mắc liên quan đến hoạt động cá cược, mời xem xét chương FAQ trên Top10VN nhằm học hỏi nhiều hơn về các nhà cái lẫn chương trình mà họ cung cấp.
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Dưới đây là văn bản với các từ được thay thế bằng các cụm từ đề xuất (các từ đồng nghĩa) được đặt trong dấu ngoặc nhọn :
Đỉnh 10 Nhà khai thác Đáng tin cậy nhất Hiện nay (08/2024)
Chơi game qua mạng đã hóa thành một trào lưu phổ biến tại nước ta, và việc tuyển chọn nhà cái đáng tin là vấn đề hết sức quan trọng để đảm nhận cái trải đặt cược bảo đảm và công tâm. Ở dưới là danh sách Top 10 nhà cái đáng tin cậy hàng đầu ngày nay, được thu thập bởi trang nhận xét hàng đầu Top 10 Việt Nam.
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5 Tiêu Chí Đánh Giá Nhà Cái Uy Tín
Game tuyệt vời: Được cung cấp do các nhà sản xuất uy tín nhất, đảm bảo kết cục may rủi và không xảy ra sự tác động.
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Nếu bạn có bất kỳ thắc mắc nào việc cá cược, hãy kiểm tra chương FAQ trên Trang web hàng đầu để tìm hiểu chi tiết hơn về các nhà cái kết hợp với dịch vụ mà họ sở hữu.
GeorgeJam
22 Aug 24 at 2:21 pm
Risk Mitigation Procedures – is a critical system deployed by banks and commercial entities to ensure the presence they do not interacting with individuals or organizations implicated in illegal operations.
This procedure covers validating the credentials of buyers using diverse databases, such as barrier registers, high-level officials (PEP) inventories and further control lists. Within the sphere of cryptocurrencies, Anti-Money Laundering analysis services help recognize and limit probabilities stemming from hypothetical illegal financial activities activities.
When conducting AML screening, performers usually consider the given aspects:
Identification Validation – identifying the data of the entity or structure engaged in the transfer, to ensure that organizations are not listed in certain control lists.
Transaction Models – analyzing and evaluating payment models with the purpose of the presence of specific unusual activity aimed at may indirectly indicate money laundering.
Blockchain Network Analysis – employing blockchain analysis techniques to track the transactions of virtual assets and detect certain associations to criminal transactions.
Anti-Money Laundering analysis is not a single assessment. This procedure constitutes a continuous mechanism aimed at helps ensure that companies maintain aligned with legislation and do not inadvertently engage in illegal operations. Periodic Anti-Money Laundering monitoring online monitoring provide organizations to update user data and be updated on certain transformations in their risk assessment.
The Functions of Online Anti-Money Laundering Monitoring Tools
Online Anti-Money Laundering monitoring instruments represent platforms aimed at deliver automated Anti-Money Laundering checks systems. Similar tools crucially critical for enterprises functioning in the virtual asset area, due to the fact that the threat of collaboration with unlawful resources is significantly higher because of the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies.
Raymondlah
23 Aug 24 at 7:51 pm
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RobertDog
23 Aug 24 at 9:41 pm
Check USDT TRC20 wallet
Stablecoin TRON-based Payment Check and AML (AML) Practices
As crypto coins like Tether TRC20 increase in popularity for fast and affordable transactions, the requirement for security and compliance with financial crime prevention standards grows. Here’s how to check Tether TRON-based payments and guarantee they’re not linked to illegal activities.
What is TRON-based USDT?
USDT TRC20 is a cryptocurrency on the TRX network, pegged in line with the USD. Known for its low transaction fees and speed, it is commonly utilized for cross-border payments. Checking transactions is crucial to avoid connections to money laundering or other unlawful activities.
Checking USDT TRC20 Transfers
TRONSCAN — This blockchain explorer permits participants to follow and check Tether TRON-based transfers using a wallet address or transaction ID.
Tracking — Experienced users can track unusual trends such as significant or quick transfers to detect suspicious activity.
AML and Illicit Funds
Anti-Money Laundering (AML) standards support prevent unlawful transactions in digital assets. Platforms like Chainalysis and Elliptic enable companies and crypto markets to detect and prevent dirty cryptocurrency, which means money connected to unlawful operations.
Tools for Compliance
TRONSCAN — To validate USDT TRC20 transfer details.
Chain Analysis and Elliptic Solutions — Used by crypto markets to ensure Anti-Money Laundering compliance and track unlawful operations.
Conclusion
Ensuring secure and legal USDT TRC20 payments is critical. Tools like TRX Explorer and AML solutions assist protect users from engaging with criminal crypto, promoting a secure and compliant crypto environment.
RobertREM
22 Oct 24 at 11:35 pm
Stablecoin TRON-based Transaction Verification and AML (AML) Procedures
As crypto coins like Tether TRC20 gain adoption for quick and inexpensive payments, the need for security and compliance with AML rules expands. Here’s how to verify Tether TRC20 transfers and guarantee they’re not linked to illicit actions.
What is USDT TRC20?
TRON-based USDT is a cryptocurrency on the TRX blockchain, valued in line with the USD. Famous for its minimal costs and quickness, it is widely used for cross-border transactions. Verifying payments is essential to prevent connections to illicit transfers or other unlawful operations.
Checking TRON-based USDT Transfers
TRX Explorer — This blockchain viewer permits users to monitor and check USDT TRC20 payments using a account ID or TXID.
Supervising — Experienced players can observe suspicious behaviors such as high-volume or rapid payments to detect irregular actions.
AML and Dirty Cryptocurrency
Anti-Money Laundering (Anti-Money Laundering) rules assist block illegal financial activity in digital assets. Tools like Chainalysis and Elliptic Solutions permit enterprises and crypto markets to detect and stop illicit funds, which means capital connected to illegal activities.
Tools for Compliance
TRX Explorer — To validate USDT TRC20 payment data.
Chain Analysis and Elliptic Solutions — Used by exchanges to ensure AML compliance and follow illegal actions.
Summary
Making sure safe and legal TRON-based USDT transfers is crucial. Tools like TRONSCAN and Anti-Money Laundering solutions assist protect users from interacting with dirty cryptocurrency, encouraging a secure and regulated crypto environment.
TimothySacle
24 Oct 24 at 1:52 am
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Jeffreydam
18 Nov 24 at 6:46 am